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A fast and flexible indexed time series and panel data class that inherits from plm's 'pseries' and 'pdata.frame', but is more rigorous, natively handles irregularity, can be superimposed on any data.frame/list, matrix or vector, and supports ad-hoc computations inside data masking functions and model formulas.

Usage

## Create an 'indexed_frame' containing 'indexed_series'
findex_by(.X, ..., single = "auto", interact.ids = TRUE)
iby(.X, ..., single = "auto", interact.ids = TRUE)  # Shorthand

## Retrieve the index ('index_df') from an 'indexed_frame' or 'indexed_series'
findex(x)
ix(x)     # Shorthand

## Remove index from 'indexed_frame' or 'indexed_series' (i.e. get .X back)
unindex(x)

## Reindex 'indexed_frame' or 'indexed_series' (or index vectors / matrices)
reindex(x, index = findex(x), single = "auto")

## Check if 'indexed_frame', 'indexed_series', index or time vector is irregular
is_irregular(x, any_id = TRUE)

## Convert 'indexed_frame'/'indexed_series' to normal 'pdata.frame'/'pseries'
to_plm(x, row.names = FALSE)

# Subsetting & replacement methods: [(<-) methods call NextMethod().
# Also methods for fsubset, funique and roworder(v), na_omit (internal).

# S3 method for indexed_series
[(x, i, ..., drop.index.levels = "id")

# S3 method for indexed_frame
[(x, i, ..., drop.index.levels = "id")

# S3 method for indexed_frame
[(x, i, j) <- value

# S3 method for indexed_frame
$(x, name)

# S3 method for indexed_frame
$(x, name) <- value

# S3 method for indexed_frame
[[(x, i, ...)

# S3 method for indexed_frame
[[(x, i) <- value

# Index subsetting and printing: optimized using ss()

# S3 method for index_df
[(x, i, j, drop = FALSE, drop.index.levels = "id")

# S3 method for index_df
print(x, topn = 5, ...)

Arguments

.X

a data frame or list-like object of equal-length columns.

x

an 'indexed_frame' or 'indexed_series'. findex also works with 'pseries' and 'pdata.frame's created with plm. For is_irregular x can also be an index (inherits 'pindex') or a vector representing time.

...

for findex_by: variables identifying the individual (id) and/or time dimensions of the data. Passed either as unquoted comma-separated column names or (tagged) expressions involving columns, or as a vector of column names, indices, a logical vector or a selector function. The time variable must enter last. See Examples. Otherwise: further arguments passed to NextMethod().

single

character. If only one indexing variable is supplied, this can be declared as "id" or "time" variable. "auto" chooses "id" if the variable has anyDuplicated values.

interact.ids

logical. If n > 2 indexing variables are passed, TRUE calls finteraction on the first n-1 of them (n'th variable must be time). FALSE keeps all variables in the index. The latter slows down computations of lags / differences etc. because ad-hoc interactions need to be computed, but gives more flexibility for scaling / centering / summarising over different data dimensions.

index

and index (inherits 'pindex'), or an atomic vector or list of factors matching the data dimensions. Atomic vectors or lists with 1 factor will must be declared, see single. Atomic vectors will additionally be grouped / turned into time-factors. See Details.

drop.index.levels

character. Subset methods also subset the index (= a data.frame of factors), and this argument regulates which factor levels should be dropped: either "all", "id", "time" or "none". The default "id" only drops levels from id's. "all" or "time" should be used with caution because time-factors may contain levels for missing time periods (gaps in irregular sequences, or periods within a sequence removed through subsetting), and dropping those levels would create a variable that is ordinal but no longer represents time. The benefit of dropping levels is that it can speed-up subsequent computations by reducing the size of intermediate vectors created in C++.

any_id

logical. For panel series: FALSE returns the irregularity check performed for each id, TRUE calls any on those checks.

row.names

logical. TRUE creates descriptive row-names (or names for pseries) as in plm. This can be expensive and is usually not required for plm models to work.

topn

integer. The number of first and last rows to print.

i, j, name, drop, value

Arguments passed to NextMethod, or as in the data.frame methods. Note that for index subsetting to work, i needs to be integer or logical (or an expression evaluation to integer or logical if x is a data.table).

Details

The first thing to note about these new 'indexed_frame', 'indexed_series' and 'index_df' classes is that they inherit plm's 'pdata.frame', 'pseries' and 'pindex' classes, respectively. They add, improve, and, in some cases, remove functionality offered by plm, with the aim of striking an optimal balance of flexibility and performance. The inheritance means that all 'pseries' and 'pdata.frame' methods in collapse, and also some methods in plm, apply to them. Where compatibility or performance considerations allow for it, collapse will continue to create methods for plm's classes instead of the new classes.

The use of these classes does not require much knowledge of plm, but as a basic background: A 'pdata.frame' is a data.frame with an index attribute: a data.frame of 2 factors identifying the individual and time-dimension of the data. When pulling a variable out of the pdata.frame using a method like $.pdata.frame or [[.pdata.frame (defined in plm), a 'pseries' is created by transferring the index attribute to the vector. Methods defined for functions like lag / flag etc. use the index for correct computations on this panel data, also inside plm's estimation commands.

Main Features and Enhancements

The 'indexed_frame' and 'indexed_series' classes extend and enhance 'pdata.frame' and 'pseries' in a number of critical dimensions. Most notably they:

  • Support both time series and panel data, by allowing indexation of data with one, two or more variables.

  • Are class-agnostic: any data.frame/list (such as data.table, tibble, tsibble, sf etc.) can become an 'indexed_frame' and continue to function as usual for most use cases. Similarly, any vector or matrix (such as ts, mts, xts) can become an 'indexed_series'. This also allows for transient workflows e.g. some_df |> findex_by(...) |> 'do something using collapse functions' |> unindex() |> 'continue working with some_df'.

  • Have a comprehensive and efficient set of methods for subsetting and manipulation, including methods for fsubset, funique, roworder(v) (internal) and na_omit (internal, na.omit also works but is slower). It is also possible to group indexed data with fgroup_by for transformations e.g. using fmutate, but aggregation requires unindex()ing.

  • Natively handle irregularity: time objects (such as 'Date', 'POSIXct' etc.) are passed to timeid, which efficiently determines the temporal structure by finding the greatest common divisor (GCD), and creates a time-factor with levels corresponding to a complete time-sequence. The latter is also done with plain numeric vectors, which are assumed to represent unit time steps (GDC = 1) and coerced to integer (but can also be passed through timeid if non-unitary). Character time variables are converted to factor, which might also capture irregular gaps in panel series. Using this time-factor in the index, collapse's functions efficiently perform correct computations on irregular sequences and panels without the need to 'expand' the data / fill gaps. is_irregular can be used to check for irregularity in the entire sequence / panel or separately for each individual in panel data.

  • Support computations inside data-masking functions and formulas, by virtue of "deep indexation": Each variable inside an 'indexed_frame' is an 'indexed_series' which contains in its 'index_df' attribute an external pointer to the 'index_df' attribute of the frame. Functions operating on 'indexed_series' stored inside the frame (such as with(data, flag(column))) can fetch the index from this pointer. This allows worry-free application inside arbitrary data masking environments (with, %$%, attach, etc..) and estimation commands (glm, feols, lmrob etc..) without duplication of the index in memory. A limitation is that external pointers are only valid during the present R session, thus when saving an 'indexed_frame' and loading it again, you need to call data = reindex(data) before computing on it.

Indexed series also have simple Math and Ops methods, which apply the operation to the unindexed series and shallow copy the attributes of the original object to the result, unless the result it is a logical vector (from operations like !, == etc.). For Ops methods, if the LHS object is an 'indexed_series' its attributes are taken, otherwise the attributes of the RHS object are taken.

Limits to plm Compatibility

In contrast to 'pseries' and 'pdata.frame's, 'indexed_series' and 'indexed_frames' do not have descriptive "names" or "row.names" attributes attached to them, mainly for efficiency reasons.

Furthermore, the index is stored in an attribute named 'index_df' (same as the class name), not 'index' as in plm, mainly to make these classes work with data.table, tsibble and xts, which also utilize 'index' attributes. This for the most part poses no problem to plm compatibility because plm source code fetches the index using attr(x, "index"), and attr by default performs partial matching.

A much greater obstacle in working with plm is that some internal plm code is hinged on there being no [.pseries method, and the existence of [.indexed_series limits the use of these classes in most plm estimation commands. Therefore the to_plm function is provided to efficiently coerce the classes to ordinary plm objects before estimation. See Examples.

Overall these classes don't really benefit plm, especially given that collapse's plm methods also support native plm objects. However, they work very well inside other models and software, including stats models, fixest / lfe, and a whole bunch of time series and ML models. See Examples.

Performance Considerations

When indexing long time-series or panels with a single variable, setting single = "id" or "time" avoids a potentially expensive call to anyDuplicated. Note also that when panel-data are regular and sorted, omitting the time variable in the index can bring >= 2x performance improvements in operations like lagging and differencing (alternatively use shift = "row" argument to flag, fdiff etc.) .

When dealing with long Date or POSIXct time sequences, it may also be that the internal processing by timeid is slow simply because calling strftime on these sequences to create factor levels is slow. In this case you may choose to generate an index factor with integer levels by passing timeid(t) to findex_by or reindex (which by default generates a 'qG' object which is internally converted to factor using as_factor_qG. The lazy evaluation of expressions like as.character(seq_len(nlev)) in modern R makes this extremely efficient).

With multiple id variables e.g. findex_by(data, id1, id2, id3, time), the default call to finteraction() can be expensive because of pasting the levels together. In this case, users may gain performance by manually invoking finteraction() (or its shorthand itn()) with argument factor = FALSE e.g. findex_by(data, ids = itn(id1, id2, id3, factor = FALSE), time). This will generate a factor with integer levels instead.

Print Method

The print methods for 'indexed_frame' and 'indexed_series' first call print(unindex(x), ...), followed by the index variables with the number of categories (index factor levels) in square brackets. If the time factor contains unused levels (= irregularity in the sequence), the square brackets indicate the number of used levels (periods), followed by the total number of levels (periods in the sequence) in parentheses.

Examples

oldopts <- options(max.print = 70)
# Indexing panel data ----------------------------------------------------------

wldi <- findex_by(wlddev, iso3c, year)
wldi
#>       country iso3c       date year decade     region     income  OECD PCGDP
#> 1 Afghanistan   AFG 1961-01-01 1960   1960 South Asia Low income FALSE    NA
#> 2 Afghanistan   AFG 1962-01-01 1961   1960 South Asia Low income FALSE    NA
#> 3 Afghanistan   AFG 1963-01-01 1962   1960 South Asia Low income FALSE    NA
#> 4 Afghanistan   AFG 1964-01-01 1963   1960 South Asia Low income FALSE    NA
#> 5 Afghanistan   AFG 1965-01-01 1964   1960 South Asia Low income FALSE    NA
#>   LIFEEX GINI       ODA     POP
#> 1 32.446   NA 116769997 8996973
#> 2 32.962   NA 232080002 9169410
#> 3 33.471   NA 112839996 9351441
#> 4 33.971   NA 237720001 9543205
#> 5 34.463   NA 295920013 9744781
#>  [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 13171 rows ]
#> 
#> Indexed by:  iso3c [216] | year [61] 
wldi[1:100,1]                 # Works like a data frame
#>  [1] "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan"
#>  [6] "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan"
#> [11] "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan"
#> [16] "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan"
#> [21] "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan"
#> [26] "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan"
#> [31] "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan"
#> [36] "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan"
#> [41] "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan"
#> [46] "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan"
#> [51] "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan"
#> [56] "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan"
#> [61] "Afghanistan" "Albania"     "Albania"     "Albania"     "Albania"    
#> [66] "Albania"     "Albania"     "Albania"     "Albania"     "Albania"    
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 30 entries ]
#> 
#> Indexed by:  iso3c [2] | year [61] 
POP <- wldi$POP               # indexed_series
qsu(POP)                      # Summary statistics
#>              N/T         Mean           SD          Min             Max
#> Overall    12919  24'245971.6   102'120674         2833  1.39771500e+09
#> Between      216    24'178573  98'616506.7    8343.3333  1.08786967e+09
#> Within   59.8102  24'245971.6  26'803077.4  -405'793067      510'077008
G(POP)                        # Population growth
#>  [1]         NA  1.9166113  1.9851986  2.0506358  2.1122464  2.1707928
#>  [7]  2.1947467  2.2122224  2.2801797  2.4133823  2.5690449  2.7010262
#> [13]  2.7517016  2.6947859  2.5104297  2.2251761  2.0011805  1.7632030
#> [19]  1.2898645  0.5236261 -0.4067167 -1.3838794 -2.1952033 -2.6764778
#> [25] -2.6594766 -2.1802494 -1.6922892 -1.1217024  0.1160839  2.1593380
#> [31]  4.5786219  7.1437882  8.9219301  9.1888632  7.9607739  6.0608254
#> [37]  4.1013421  2.6716031  1.9664025  2.1941643  3.0197497  3.9799657
#> [43]  4.5993546  4.7790451  4.4162776  3.7513845  3.0356420  2.5251987
#> [49]  2.2941982  2.4259805  2.7846424  3.1930437  3.4663103  3.5563673
#> [55]  3.4125163  3.1249152  2.8172726  2.5810946  2.4134239  2.3387468
#> [61]         NA         NA  3.1700646  3.1039282  2.9978046  2.9225795
#> [67]  2.7922950  2.6695753  2.6650851  2.8832956
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 13106 entries ]
#> attr(,"label")
#> [1] "Population, total"
#> 
#> Indexed by:  iso3c [216] | year [61] 
STD(G(POP, c(1, 10)))         # Within-standardized 1 and 10-year growth rates
#>                     G1         L10G1
#>     [1,]            NA            NA
#>     [2,] -2.404379e-01            NA
#>     [3,] -2.122758e-01            NA
#>     [4,] -1.854071e-01            NA
#>     [5,] -1.601097e-01            NA
#>     [6,] -1.360704e-01            NA
#>     [7,] -1.262349e-01            NA
#>     [8,] -1.190593e-01            NA
#>     [9,] -9.115593e-02            NA
#>    [10,] -3.646264e-02            NA
#>    [11,]  2.745275e-02 -2.502986e-01
#>    [12,]  8.164455e-02 -2.072055e-01
#>    [13,]  1.024520e-01 -1.648010e-01
#>    [14,]  7.908227e-02 -1.289204e-01
#>    [15,]  3.385202e-03 -1.066142e-01
#>    [16,] -1.137405e-01 -1.035575e-01
#>    [17,] -2.057136e-01 -1.144404e-01
#>    [18,] -3.034277e-01 -1.396334e-01
#>    [19,] -4.977815e-01 -1.949160e-01
#>    [20,] -8.124006e-01 -2.992510e-01
#>    [21,] -1.194401e+00 -4.602688e-01
#>    [22,] -1.595626e+00 -6.746138e-01
#>    [23,] -1.928758e+00 -9.237424e-01
#>    [24,] -2.126370e+00 -1.181362e+00
#>    [25,] -2.119389e+00 -1.416777e+00
#>    [26,] -1.922618e+00 -1.607795e+00
#>    [27,] -1.722260e+00 -1.761378e+00
#>    [28,] -1.487976e+00 -1.877266e+00
#>    [29,] -9.797383e-01 -1.923294e+00
#>    [30,] -1.407738e-01 -1.859412e+00
#>    [31,]  8.525893e-01 -1.659693e+00
#>    [32,]  1.905852e+00 -1.297409e+00
#>    [33,]  2.635961e+00 -7.800175e-01
#>    [34,]  2.745564e+00 -1.619956e-01
#>    [35,]  2.241308e+00  4.585063e-01
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 13141 rows ]
#> attr(,"label")
#> [1] "Population, total"
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "numeric" "matrix" 
#> 
#> Indexed by:  iso3c [216] | year [61] 
psmat(POP)                    # Panel-Series Matrix
#>         1960     1961     1962     1963     1964     1965     1966     1967
#> ABW 5.42e+04 5.54e+04 5.62e+04 5.67e+04 5.70e+04 5.74e+04 5.77e+04 5.81e+04
#>         1968     1969     1970     1971     1972     1973     1974     1975
#> ABW 5.84e+04 5.87e+04 5.91e+04 5.94e+04 5.98e+04 6.02e+04 6.05e+04 6.07e+04
#>         1976     1977     1978     1979     1980     1981     1982     1983
#> ABW 6.06e+04 6.04e+04 6.01e+04 6.00e+04 6.01e+04 6.06e+04 6.13e+04 6.22e+04
#>         1984     1985     1986     1987     1988     1989     1990     1991
#> ABW 6.28e+04 6.30e+04 6.26e+04 6.18e+04 6.11e+04 6.10e+04 6.21e+04 6.46e+04
#>         1992     1993     1994     1995     1996     1997     1998     1999
#> ABW 6.82e+04 7.25e+04 7.67e+04 8.03e+04 8.32e+04 8.55e+04 8.73e+04 8.90e+04
#>         2000     2001     2002     2003     2004     2005     2006     2007
#> ABW 9.09e+04 9.29e+04 9.50e+04 9.70e+04 9.87e+04 1.00e+05 1.01e+05 1.01e+05
#>         2008     2009     2010     2011     2012     2013     2014     2015
#> ABW 1.01e+05 1.01e+05 1.02e+05 1.02e+05 1.03e+05 1.03e+05 1.04e+05 1.04e+05
#>         2016     2017     2018     2019 2020
#> ABW 1.05e+05 1.05e+05 1.06e+05 1.06e+05   NA
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 215 rows ]
plot(psmat(log10(POP)))


POP[30:5000]                  # Subsetting indexed_series
#>  [1] 11868877 12412308 13299017 14485546 15816603 17075727 18110657 18853437
#>  [9] 19357126 19737765 20170844 20779953 21606988 22600770 23680871 24726684
#> [17] 25654277 26433049 27100536 27722276 28394813 29185507 30117413 31161376
#> [25] 32269589 33370794 34413603 35383128 36296400 37172386 38041754       NA
#> [33]  1608800  1659800  1711319  1762621  1814135  1864791  1914573  1965598
#> [41]  2022272  2081695  2135479  2187853  2243126  2296752  2350124  2404831
#> [49]  2458526  2513546  2566266  2617832  2671997  2726056  2784278  2843960
#> [57]  2904429  2964762  3022635  3083605  3142336  3227943  3286542  3266790
#> [65]  3247039  3227287  3207536  3187784  3168033  3148281
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 4901 entries ]
#> 
#> Indexed by:  iso3c [82] | year [61] 
Dlog(POP[30:5000])            # Log-difference of subset
#>  [1]           NA  0.044768965  0.069001562  0.085461202  0.087908886
#>  [6]  0.076597770  0.058842568  0.040194682  0.026365389  0.019473185
#> [11]  0.021704390  0.029750528  0.039028057  0.044967196  0.046683615
#> [16]  0.043215393  0.036827318  0.029904781  0.024938423  0.022682771
#> [21]  0.023970210  0.027465763  0.031431259  0.034075870  0.034945890
#> [26]  0.033555817  0.030770836  0.027783174  0.025483466  0.023847611
#> [31]  0.023118172           NA           NA  0.031208554  0.030567305
#> [36]  0.029537488  0.028806864  0.027540212  0.026345639  0.026301903
#> [41]  0.028425107  0.028960834  0.025508512  0.024229720  0.024949731
#> [46]  0.023625522  0.022972142  0.023011538  0.022082353  0.022132522
#> [51]  0.020757419  0.019894570  0.020479639  0.020029743  0.021132718
#> [56]  0.021208853  0.021039366  0.020559946  0.019332208  0.019970400
#> [61]  0.018867105  0.026878620  0.017990856 -0.006028097 -0.006064347
#> [66] -0.006101658 -0.006138805 -0.006177037 -0.006215114 -0.006254301
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 4901 entries ]
#> 
#> Indexed by:  iso3c [82] | year [61] 
psacf(identity(POP[30:5000])) # ACF of subset

L(Dlog(POP[30:5000], c(1, 10)), -1:1) # Multiple computations on subset
#>              F1.Dlog1         Dlog1      L1.Dlog1   F1.L10Dlog1      L10Dlog1
#>    [1,]  4.476897e-02            NA            NA            NA            NA
#>    [2,]  6.900156e-02  4.476897e-02            NA            NA            NA
#>    [3,]  8.546120e-02  6.900156e-02  4.476897e-02            NA            NA
#>    [4,]  8.790889e-02  8.546120e-02  6.900156e-02            NA            NA
#>    [5,]  7.659777e-02  8.790889e-02  8.546120e-02            NA            NA
#>    [6,]  5.884257e-02  7.659777e-02  8.790889e-02            NA            NA
#>    [7,]  4.019468e-02  5.884257e-02  7.659777e-02            NA            NA
#>    [8,]  2.636539e-02  4.019468e-02  5.884257e-02            NA            NA
#>    [9,]  1.947319e-02  2.636539e-02  4.019468e-02            NA            NA
#>   [10,]  2.170439e-02  1.947319e-02  2.636539e-02  0.5303185995            NA
#>   [11,]  2.975053e-02  2.170439e-02  1.947319e-02  0.5153001629  0.5303185995
#>           L1.L10Dlog1
#>    [1,]            NA
#>    [2,]            NA
#>    [3,]            NA
#>    [4,]            NA
#>    [5,]            NA
#>    [6,]            NA
#>    [7,]            NA
#>    [8,]            NA
#>    [9,]            NA
#>   [10,]            NA
#>   [11,]            NA
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 4960 rows ]
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "numeric" "matrix" 
#> 
#> Indexed by:  iso3c [82] | year [61] 

# Fast Statistical Functions don't have dedicated methods
# Thus for aggregation we need to unindex beforehand ...
fmean(unindex(POP))
#> [1] 24245972
#> attr(,"label")
#> [1] "Population, total"
wldi |> unindex() |>
  fgroup_by(iso3c) |> num_vars() |> fmean()
#>   iso3c year   decade      PCGDP   LIFEEX     GINI        ODA         POP
#> 1   ABW 1990 1985.574 25413.8370 72.40653       NA   33245000    76268.63
#> 2   AFG 1990 1985.574   483.8351 49.19717       NA 1487548499 18362258.22
#> 3   AGO 1990 1985.574  2887.6879 46.75805 48.66667  267452068 13823228.03
#> 4   ALB 1990 1985.574  2819.2400 71.68027 31.41111  312928126  2708297.17
#> 5   AND 1990 1985.574 40083.0911       NA       NA         NA    51547.35
#> 6   ARE 1990 1985.574 64616.4864 69.37793 29.25000   13384222  3089064.62
#> 7   ARG 1990 1985.574  7907.8326 71.12565 45.92258  106930833 32301197.52
#> 8   ARM 1990 1985.574  2520.1808 70.67953 32.24500  282426894  2912376.95
#>  [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 208 rows ]

library(magrittr)
# ... or unindex after taking group identifiers from the index
fmean(unindex(fgrowth(POP)), ix(POP)$iso3c)
#>         ABW         AFG         AGO         ALB         AND         ARE 
#>  1.15986116  2.50218519  3.04019111  0.98728941  3.03828499  8.33912222 
#>         ARG         ARM         ASM         ATG         AUS         AUT 
#>  1.34100846  0.78894579  1.74127860  0.99964449  1.54424580  0.39301937 
#>         AZE         BDI         BEL         BEN         BFA         BGD 
#>  1.61742943  2.43172184  0.38832202  2.71473569  2.46698310  2.09594336 
#>         BGR         BHR         BHS         BIH         BLR         BLZ 
#> -0.20095889  4.01156764  2.17972600  0.04870005  0.23697183  2.48033866 
#>         BMU         BOL         BRA         BRB         BRN         BTN 
#>  0.62656641  1.96310764  1.83756339  0.36894714  2.87598784  2.10961311 
#>         BWA         CAF         CAN         CHE         CHI         CHL 
#>  2.61689824  1.97141241  1.26547829  0.81130910  0.77252949  1.44461721 
#>         CHN         CIV         CMR         COD         COG         COL 
#>  1.26475057  3.43990856  2.76520875  2.99210471  2.86194380  1.95730439 
#>         COM         CPV         CRI         CUB         CUW         CYM 
#>  2.56471792  1.71779560  2.28825488  0.78844375  0.40380104  3.65940831 
#>         CYP         CZE         DEU         DJI         DMA         DNK 
#>  1.26066375  0.17964024  0.22511110  4.28964392  0.30770228  0.40573747 
#>         DOM         DZA         ECU         EGY         ERI         ESP 
#>  2.02552207  2.33239690  2.30053844  2.27489144  2.30900292  0.74430651 
#>         EST         ETH         FIN         FJI         FRA         FRO 
#>  0.15848536  2.78733512  0.37433864  1.39760426  0.61832292  0.58122004 
#>         FSM         GAB         GBR         GEO 
#>  1.61438473  2.51981406  0.41364183  0.04208078 
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 146 entries ]
#> attr(,"label")
#> [1] "Population, total"
wldi |> num_vars() %>%
  fgroup_by(iso3c = ix(.)$iso3c) |>
  unindex() |> fmean()
#>   iso3c year   decade      PCGDP   LIFEEX     GINI        ODA         POP
#> 1   ABW 1990 1985.574 25413.8370 72.40653       NA   33245000    76268.63
#> 2   AFG 1990 1985.574   483.8351 49.19717       NA 1487548499 18362258.22
#> 3   AGO 1990 1985.574  2887.6879 46.75805 48.66667  267452068 13823228.03
#> 4   ALB 1990 1985.574  2819.2400 71.68027 31.41111  312928126  2708297.17
#> 5   AND 1990 1985.574 40083.0911       NA       NA         NA    51547.35
#> 6   ARE 1990 1985.574 64616.4864 69.37793 29.25000   13384222  3089064.62
#> 7   ARG 1990 1985.574  7907.8326 71.12565 45.92258  106930833 32301197.52
#> 8   ARM 1990 1985.574  2520.1808 70.67953 32.24500  282426894  2912376.95
#>  [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 208 rows ]

# With matrix methods it is easier as most attributes are dropped upon aggregation.
G(POP, c(1, 10)) %>% fmean(ix(.)$iso3c)
#>              G1       L10G1
#> ABW  1.15986116  13.5405797
#> AFG  2.50218519  29.7453631
#> AGO  3.04019111  37.2423846
#> ALB  0.98728941  10.4611010
#> AND  3.03828499  36.8630696
#> ARE  8.33912222 145.2957118
#> ARG  1.34100846  14.3289740
#> ARM  0.78894579   7.1746628
#> ASM  1.74127860  20.2992819
#> ATG  0.99964449  10.0195522
#> AUS  1.54424580  16.0434792
#> AUT  0.39301937   3.5211125
#> AZE  1.61742943  16.4526447
#> BDI  2.43172184  26.7915415
#> BEL  0.38832202   3.6354631
#> BEN  2.71473569  31.9252634
#> BFA  2.46698310  28.3385127
#> BGD  2.09594336  23.3556445
#> BGR -0.20095889  -2.3160917
#> BHR  4.01156764  50.7327853
#> BHS  2.17972600  22.6999691
#> BIH  0.04870005   0.5070281
#> BLR  0.23697183   2.1725510
#> BLZ  2.48033866  27.8347280
#> BMU  0.62656641   5.7036637
#> BOL  1.96310764  21.9315509
#> BRA  1.83756339  20.1289837
#> BRB  0.36894714   3.9565564
#> BRN  2.87598784  33.4451942
#> BTN  2.10961311  23.9024113
#> BWA  2.61689824  31.1856395
#> CAF  1.97141241  22.7889510
#> CAN  1.26547829  12.8834454
#> CHE  0.81130910   7.3670756
#> CHI  0.77252949   7.6461689
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 181 rows ]

# Example of index with multiple ids
GGDC10S |> findex_by(Variable, Country, Year) |> head() # default is interact.ids = TRUE
#>   Country Regioncode             Region Variable Year AGR MIN MAN PU CON WRT
#> 1     BWA        SSA Sub-saharan Africa       VA 1960  NA  NA  NA NA  NA  NA
#> 2     BWA        SSA Sub-saharan Africa       VA 1961  NA  NA  NA NA  NA  NA
#> 3     BWA        SSA Sub-saharan Africa       VA 1962  NA  NA  NA NA  NA  NA
#> 4     BWA        SSA Sub-saharan Africa       VA 1963  NA  NA  NA NA  NA  NA
#>   TRA FIRE GOV OTH SUM
#> 1  NA   NA  NA  NA  NA
#> 2  NA   NA  NA  NA  NA
#> 3  NA   NA  NA  NA  NA
#> 4  NA   NA  NA  NA  NA
#>  [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 2 rows ]
#> 
#> Indexed by:  Variable.Country [1] | Year [6 (67)] 
GGDCi <- GGDC10S |> findex_by(Variable, Country, Year, interact.ids = FALSE)
head(GGDCi)
#>   Country Regioncode             Region Variable Year AGR MIN MAN PU CON WRT
#> 1     BWA        SSA Sub-saharan Africa       VA 1960  NA  NA  NA NA  NA  NA
#> 2     BWA        SSA Sub-saharan Africa       VA 1961  NA  NA  NA NA  NA  NA
#> 3     BWA        SSA Sub-saharan Africa       VA 1962  NA  NA  NA NA  NA  NA
#> 4     BWA        SSA Sub-saharan Africa       VA 1963  NA  NA  NA NA  NA  NA
#>   TRA FIRE GOV OTH SUM
#> 1  NA   NA  NA  NA  NA
#> 2  NA   NA  NA  NA  NA
#> 3  NA   NA  NA  NA  NA
#> 4  NA   NA  NA  NA  NA
#>  [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 2 rows ]
#> 
#> Indexed by:  Variable [1] Country [1] | Year [6 (67)] 
findex(GGDCi)
#>   Variable Country Year
#> 1       VA     BWA 1960
#> 2       VA     BWA 1961
#> 3       VA     BWA 1962
#> 4       VA     BWA 1963
#> 5       VA     BWA 1964
#> ---                 
#> 5023 EMP EGY 2008
#> 5024 EMP EGY 2009
#> 5025 EMP EGY 2010
#> 5026 EMP EGY 2011
#> 5027 EMP EGY 2012
#> 
#> Variable [2] Country [43] | Year [67]
# The benefit is increased flexibility for summary statistics and data transformation
qsu(GGDCi, effect = "Country")
#> , , Country
#> 
#>              N/T  Mean  SD  Min  Max
#> Overall     5027     -   -    -    -
#> Between       43     -   -    -    -
#> Within   116.907     -   -    -    -
#> 
#> , , Regioncode
#> 
#>              N/T  Mean  SD  Min  Max
#> Overall     5027     -   -    -    -
#> Between       43     -   -    -    -
#> Within   116.907     -   -    -    -
#> 
#> , , Region
#> 
#>              N/T  Mean  SD  Min  Max
#> Overall     5027     -   -    -    -
#> Between       43     -   -    -    -
#> Within   116.907     -   -    -    -
#> 
#> , , Variable
#> 
#>              N/T  Mean  SD  Min  Max
#> Overall     5027     -   -    -    -
#> Between       43     -   -    -    -
#> Within   116.907     -   -    -    -
#> 
#> , , Year
#> 
#>              N/T       Mean       SD        Min        Max
#> Overall     5027  1981.5801  17.5704       1947       2013
#> Between       43  1982.4236   5.0799  1978.7519     2011.5
#> 
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 1 row(s) and 11 matrix slice(s) ]
STD(GGDCi$SUM, effect = "Variable")            # Standardizing by variable
#>  [1]         NA         NA         NA         NA -0.1226776 -0.1226776
#>  [7] -0.1226776 -0.1226776 -0.1226776 -0.1226776 -0.1226775 -0.1226775
#> [13] -0.1226774 -0.1226773 -0.1226772 -0.1226771 -0.1226769 -0.1226767
#> [19] -0.1226766 -0.1226762 -0.1226756 -0.1226753 -0.1226752 -0.1226744
#> [25] -0.1226738 -0.1226724 -0.1226704 -0.1226692 -0.1226661 -0.1226627
#> [31] -0.1226607 -0.1226582 -0.1226567 -0.1226550 -0.1226499 -0.1226448
#> [37] -0.1226376 -0.1226320 -0.1226275 -0.1226148 -0.1226044 -0.1225979
#> [43] -0.1225908 -0.1225861 -0.1225770 -0.1225543 -0.1225338 -0.1225158
#> [49] -0.1224963 -0.1225084 -0.1224488         NA         NA         NA
#> [55]         NA         NA -0.3807465 -0.3806958 -0.3806859 -0.3806942
#> [61] -0.3806630 -0.3805993 -0.3805239 -0.3804590 -0.3803244 -0.3802321
#> [67] -0.3801543 -0.3800409 -0.3799774 -0.3799017
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 4957 entries ]
#> attr(,"label")
#> [1] "Summation of sector GDP"
#> attr(,"format.stata")
#> [1] "%10.0g"
#> 
#> Indexed by:  Variable [2] Country [43] | Year [67] 
STD(GGDCi$SUM, effect = c("Variable", "Year")) # ... by variable and year
#>  [1]         NA         NA         NA         NA -0.2041456 -0.2039970
#>  [7] -0.2023122 -0.2041736 -0.2058182 -0.2068329 -0.1799561 -0.1784717
#> [13] -0.1794400 -0.1809847 -0.1852166 -0.1881118 -0.1915147 -0.1952319
#> [19] -0.2000250 -0.2086539 -0.2176069 -0.2246298 -0.2285386 -0.2384116
#> [25] -0.2442721 -0.2480965 -0.2533789 -0.2618757 -0.2684392 -0.2739245
#> [31] -0.2788689 -0.2831778 -0.2934982 -0.3006316 -0.3052873 -0.3081273
#> [37] -0.3074253 -0.3039395 -0.2818521 -0.2751017 -0.2694049 -0.2606845
#> [43] -0.2576762 -0.2567207 -0.2531264 -0.2434613 -0.2351500 -0.2288238
#> [49] -0.2182615 -0.2127535 -0.2090734         NA         NA         NA
#> [55]         NA         NA -0.4596772 -0.4497862 -0.4399738 -0.4363115
#> [61] -0.4331453 -0.4247106 -0.4027655 -0.4096142 -0.4114065 -0.4141980
#> [67] -0.4082425 -0.4024895 -0.4026850 -0.4047382
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 4957 entries ]
#> attr(,"label")
#> [1] "Summation of sector GDP"
#> attr(,"format.stata")
#> [1] "%10.0g"
#> 
#> Indexed by:  Variable [2] Country [43] | Year [67] 
# But time-based operations are a bit more expensive because of the necessary interactions
D(GGDCi$SUM)
#>  [1]            NA            NA            NA            NA            NA
#>  [6]     1.8648058     3.7996670    -1.7515810    -0.2525958    10.0790095
#> [11]    15.2179271    12.1300779    31.7872318    37.4213552    35.1940244
#> [16]    36.8116252    85.0015379    44.7177833    52.5841475   158.9853717
#> [21]   198.2115288   103.9129599    23.7520357   288.7796000   214.2149426
#> [26]   515.3786450   726.9937149   439.7886989  1085.0704934  1220.4747092
#> [31]   737.8868699   879.8964485   529.0696305   617.1251820  1841.1712884
#> [36]  1803.6482296  2600.8383913  1986.0421431  1631.5058344  4552.4978100
#> [41]  3712.3024701  2342.9411903  2519.9965561  1715.6370519  3237.7063677
#> [46]  8127.4111125  7374.8681409  6430.3096108  6983.2264598 -4322.3684709
#> [51] 21358.0356275            NA            NA            NA            NA
#> [56]            NA            NA     4.8807941     0.9545929    -0.8001645
#> [61]     3.0111420     6.1276582     7.2716726     6.2475417    12.9682512
#> [66]     8.8843341     7.4951964    10.9173822     6.1179949     7.2972389
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 4957 entries ]
#> attr(,"label")
#> [1] "Summation of sector GDP"
#> attr(,"format.stata")
#> [1] "%10.0g"
#> 
#> Indexed by:  Variable [2] Country [43] | Year [67] 

# Panel-Data modelling ---------------------------------------------------------

# Linear model of 5-year annualized growth rates of GDP on Life Expactancy + 5y lag
lm(G(PCGDP, 5, p = 1/5) ~ L(G(LIFEEX, 5, p = 1/5), c(0, 5)), wldi) # p abbreviates "power"
#> 
#> Call:
#> lm(formula = G(PCGDP, 5, p = 1/5) ~ L(G(LIFEEX, 5, p = 1/5), 
#>     c(0, 5)), data = wldi)
#> 
#> Coefficients:
#>                         (Intercept)  L(G(LIFEEX, 5, p = 1/5), c(0, 5))--  
#>                              1.6021                               0.4739  
#> L(G(LIFEEX, 5, p = 1/5), c(0, 5))L5  
#>                              0.1716  
#> 

# Same, adding time fixed effects via plm package: need to utilize to_plm function
plm::plm(G(PCGDP, 5, p = 1/5) ~ L(G(LIFEEX, 5, p = 1/5), c(0, 5)), to_plm(wldi), effect = "time")
#> 
#> Model Formula: G(PCGDP, 5, p = 1/5) ~ L(G(LIFEEX, 5, p = 1/5), c(0, 5))
#> <environment: 0x7fbf1cd15b20>
#> 
#> Coefficients:
#> L(G(LIFEEX, 5, p = 1/5), c(0, 5))-- L(G(LIFEEX, 5, p = 1/5), c(0, 5))L5 
#>                             0.26902                             0.34879 
#> 

# With country and time fixed effects via fixest
fixest::feols(G(PCGDP, 5, p=1/5) ~ L(G(LIFEEX, 5, p=1/5), c(0, 5)), wldi, fixef = .c(iso3c, year))
#> NOTE: 5,596 observations removed because of NA values (LHS: 4,720, RHS: 3,522).
#> OLS estimation, Dep. Var.: G(PCGDP, 5, p = 1/5)
#> Observations: 7,580 
#> Fixed-effects: iso3c: 192,  year: 50
#> Standard-errors: Clustered (iso3c) 
#>                                     Estimate Std. Error t value   Pr(>|t|)    
#> L(G(LIFEEX, 5, p = 1/5), c(0, 5))-- 0.392178   0.104398 3.75657 2.2867e-04 ***
#> L(G(LIFEEX, 5, p = 1/5), c(0, 5))L5 0.476969   0.112195 4.25125 3.3228e-05 ***
#> ---
#> Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#> RMSE: 3.05102     Adj. R2: 0.279618
#>                 Within R2: 0.019289
if (FALSE)  
# Running a robust MM regression without fixed effects
robustbase::lmrob(G(PCGDP, 5, p = 1/5) ~ L(G(LIFEEX, 5, p = 1/5), c(0, 5)), wldi)

# Running a robust MM regression with country and time fixed effects
wldi |> fselect(PCGDP, LIFEEX) |>
  fgrowth(5, power = 1/5) |> ftransform(LIFEEX_L5 = L(LIFEEX, 5)) |>
  # drop abbreviates drop.index.levels (not strictly needed here but more consistent)
  na_omit(drop = "all") |> fhdwithin(na.rm = FALSE) |> # For TFE use fwithin(effect = "year")
  unindex() |> robustbase::lmrob(formula = PCGDP ~.)    # using lm() gives same result as fixest
#> Error in loadNamespace(x): there is no package called ‘robustbase’

# Using a random forest model without fixed effects
# ranger does not support these kinds of formulas, thus we need some preprocessing...
wldi |> fselect(PCGDP, LIFEEX) |>
  fgrowth(5, power = 1/5) |> ftransform(LIFEEX_L5 = L(LIFEEX, 5)) |>
  unindex() |> na_omit() |> ranger::ranger(formula = PCGDP ~.)
#> Error in loadNamespace(x): there is no package called ‘ranger’


# Indexing other data frame based classes --------------------------------------

library(tibble)
wlditbl <- qTBL(wlddev) |> findex_by(iso3c, year)
wlditbl[,2] # Works like a tibble...
#> # A tibble: 13,176 × 1
#>    iso3c
#>    <fct>
#>  1 AFG  
#>  2 AFG  
#>  3 AFG  
#>  4 AFG  
#>  5 AFG  
#>  6 AFG  
#>  7 AFG  
#>  8 AFG  
#>  9 AFG  
#> 10 AFG  
#> # ℹ 13,166 more rows
#> 
#> Indexed by:  iso3c [216] | year [61] 
wlditbl[[2]]
#>  [1] AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG
#> [20] AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG
#> [39] AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG AFG
#> [58] AFG AFG AFG AFG ALB ALB ALB ALB ALB ALB ALB ALB ALB
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 13106 entries ]
#> attr(,"label")
#> [1] Country Code
#> 216 Levels: ABW AFG AGO ALB AND ARE ARG ARM ASM ATG AUS AUT AZE BDI BEL ... ZWE
#> 
#> Indexed by:  iso3c [216] | year [61] 
wlditbl[1:1000, 10]
#> # A tibble: 1,000 × 1
#>    LIFEEX
#>     <dbl>
#>  1   32.4
#>  2   33.0
#>  3   33.5
#>  4   34.0
#>  5   34.5
#>  6   34.9
#>  7   35.4
#>  8   35.9
#>  9   36.4
#> 10   36.9
#> # ℹ 990 more rows
#> 
#> Indexed by:  iso3c [17] | year [61] 
head(wlditbl)
#> # A tibble: 6 × 13
#>   country   iso3c date        year decade region income OECD  PCGDP LIFEEX  GINI
#>   <chr>     <fct> <date>     <int>  <int> <fct>  <fct>  <lgl> <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 Afghanis… AFG   1961-01-01  1960   1960 South… Low i… FALSE    NA   32.4    NA
#> 2 Afghanis… AFG   1962-01-01  1961   1960 South… Low i… FALSE    NA   33.0    NA
#> 3 Afghanis… AFG   1963-01-01  1962   1960 South… Low i… FALSE    NA   33.5    NA
#> 4 Afghanis… AFG   1964-01-01  1963   1960 South… Low i… FALSE    NA   34.0    NA
#> 5 Afghanis… AFG   1965-01-01  1964   1960 South… Low i… FALSE    NA   34.5    NA
#> 6 Afghanis… AFG   1966-01-01  1965   1960 South… Low i… FALSE    NA   34.9    NA
#> # ℹ 2 more variables: ODA <dbl>, POP <dbl>
#> 
#> Indexed by:  iso3c [1] | year [6 (61)] 

library(data.table)
wldidt <- qDT(wlddev) |> findex_by(iso3c, year)
wldidt[1:1000]      # Works like a data.table...
#>           country  iso3c       date  year decade                    region
#>            <char> <fctr>     <Date> <int>  <int>                    <fctr>
#>    1: Afghanistan    AFG 1961-01-01  1960   1960                South Asia
#>    2: Afghanistan    AFG 1962-01-01  1961   1960                South Asia
#>    3: Afghanistan    AFG 1963-01-01  1962   1960                South Asia
#>    4: Afghanistan    AFG 1964-01-01  1963   1960                South Asia
#>            income   OECD    PCGDP LIFEEX  GINI       ODA     POP
#>            <fctr> <lgcl>    <num>  <num> <num>     <num>   <num>
#>    1:  Low income  FALSE       NA 32.446    NA 116769997 8996973
#>    2:  Low income  FALSE       NA 32.962    NA 232080002 9169410
#>    3:  Low income  FALSE       NA 33.471    NA 112839996 9351441
#>    4:  Low income  FALSE       NA 33.971    NA 237720001 9543205
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 7 rows ]
#> 
#> Indexed by:  iso3c [17] | year [61] 
wldidt[year > 2000]
#>           country  iso3c       date  year decade             region
#>            <char> <fctr>     <Date> <int>  <int>             <fctr>
#>    1: Afghanistan    AFG 2002-01-01  2001   2000         South Asia
#>    2: Afghanistan    AFG 2003-01-01  2002   2000         South Asia
#>    3: Afghanistan    AFG 2004-01-01  2003   2000         South Asia
#>    4: Afghanistan    AFG 2005-01-01  2004   2000         South Asia
#>                    income   OECD     PCGDP LIFEEX  GINI        ODA      POP
#>                    <fctr> <lgcl>     <num>  <num> <num>      <num>    <num>
#>    1:          Low income  FALSE        NA 56.308    NA  682969971 21606988
#>    2:          Low income  FALSE  330.3036 56.784    NA 1790479980 22600770
#>    3:          Low income  FALSE  343.0809 57.271    NA 1972890015 23680871
#>    4:          Low income  FALSE  333.2167 57.772    NA 2681449951 24726684
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 7 rows ]
#> 
#> Indexed by:  iso3c [216] | year [20 (61)] 
wldidt[, .(sum_PCGDP = sum(PCGDP, na.rm = TRUE)), by = country] # Aggregation unindexes the result
#>                    country   sum_PCGDP
#>                     <char>       <num>
#>   1:           Afghanistan    8709.031
#>   2:               Albania  112769.600
#>   3:               Algeria  211936.285
#>   4:        American Samoa  171208.120
#>   5:               Andorra 2004154.553
#>  ---                                  
#> 212: Virgin Islands (U.S.)  570075.738
#> 213:    West Bank and Gaza   62099.304
#> 214:           Yemen, Rep.   32089.789
#> 215:                Zambia   79131.760
#> 216:              Zimbabwe   73166.158
wldidt[, lapply(.SD, sum, na.rm = TRUE), by = country, .SDcols = .c(PCGDP, LIFEEX)]
#>                    country       PCGDP   LIFEEX
#>                     <char>       <num>    <num>
#>   1:           Afghanistan    8709.031 2951.830
#>   2:               Albania  112769.600 4300.816
#>   3:               Algeria  211936.285 3813.774
#>   4:        American Samoa  171208.120    0.000
#>   5:               Andorra 2004154.553    0.000
#>  ---                                           
#> 212: Virgin Islands (U.S.)  570075.738 4422.775
#> 213:    West Bank and Gaza   62099.304 2148.234
#> 214:           Yemen, Rep.   32089.789 3152.224
#> 215:                Zambia   79131.760 3065.558
#> 216:              Zimbabwe   73166.158 3272.016
# This also works but is a bit inefficient since the index is subset and then dropped
# -> better unindex beforehand
wldidt[year > 2000, .(sum_PCGDP = sum(PCGDP, na.rm = TRUE)), by = country]
#>                    country  sum_PCGDP
#>                     <char>      <num>
#>   1:           Afghanistan   8709.031
#>   2:               Albania  73832.383
#>   3:               Algeria  84017.769
#>   4:        American Samoa 171208.120
#>   5:               Andorra 827219.533
#>  ---                                 
#> 212: Virgin Islands (U.S.) 570075.738
#> 213:    West Bank and Gaza  47661.621
#> 214:           Yemen, Rep.  20313.628
#> 215:                Zambia  26490.196
#> 216:              Zimbabwe  21161.694
wldidt[, PCGDP_gr_5Y := G(PCGDP, 5, power = 1/5)]  # Can add Variables by reference
# Note that .SD is a data.table of indexed_series, not an indexed_frame, so this is WRONG!
wldidt[, .c(PCGDP_gr_5Y, LIFEEX_gr_5Y) := G(slt(.SD, PCGDP, LIFEEX), 5, power = 1/5)]
#> Warning: Found '.SD' in the call but no 'apply' function. Please note that .SD is not an indexed_frame but a plain data.table containing indexed_series. Thus indexed_frame / pdata.frame methods don't work on .SD! Consider using (m/l)apply(.SD, FUN) or reindex(.SD, ix(data)). If you are not performing indexed operations on .SD please ignore or suppress this warning.
# This gives the correct outcome
wldidt[, .c(PCGDP_gr_5Y, LIFEEX_gr_5Y) := lapply(slt(.SD, PCGDP, LIFEEX), G, 5, power = 1/5)]
if (FALSE) {
library(sf)
nc <- st_read(system.file("shape/nc.shp", package = "sf"), quiet = TRUE)
nci <- findex_by(nc, SID74)
nci[1:10, "AREA"]
st_centroid(nci) # The geometry column is never indexed, thus sf computations work normally
st_coordinates(nci)
fmean(st_area(nci))

library(tsibble)
pedi <- findex_by(pedestrian, Sensor, Date_Time)
pedi[1:5, ]
findex(pedi) # Time factor with 17k levels from POSIXct
# Now here is a case where integer levels in the index can really speed things up
ix(iby(pedestrian, Sensor, timeid(Date_Time)))
library(microbenchmark)
microbenchmark(descriptive_levels = findex_by(pedestrian, Sensor, Date_Time),
               integer_levels = findex_by(pedestrian, Sensor, timeid(Date_Time)))
# Data has irregularity
is_irregular(pedi)
is_irregular(pedi, any_id = FALSE) # irregularity in all sequences
# Manipulation such as lagging with tsibble/dplyr requires expanding rows and grouping
# Collapse can just compute correct lag on indexed series or frames
library(dplyr)
microbenchmark(
  dplyr = fill_gaps(pedestrian) |> group_by_key() |> mutate(Lag_Count = lag(Count)),
  collapse = fmutate(pedi, Lag_Count = flag(Count)), times = 10)
}
# Indexing Atomic objects ---------------------------------------------------------

## ts
print(AirPassengers)
#>      Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
#> 1949 112 118 132 129 121 135 148 148 136 119 104 118
#> 1950 115 126 141 135 125 149 170 170 158 133 114 140
#> 1951 145 150 178 163 172 178 199 199 184 162 146 166
#> 1952 171 180 193 181 183 218 230 242 209 191 172 194
#> 1953 196 196 236 235 229 243 264 272 237 211 180 201
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 7 rows ]
AirPassengers[-(20:30)]        # Ts class does not support irregularity, subsetting drops class
#>  [1] 112 118 132 129 121 135 148 148 136 119 104 118 115 126 141 135 125 149 170
#> [20] 199 199 184 162 146 166 171 180 193 181 183 218 230 242 209 191 172 194 196
#> [39] 196 236 235 229 243 264 272 237 211 180 201 204 188 235 227 234 264 302 293
#> [58] 259 229 203 229 242 233 267 269 270 315 364 347 312
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 63 entries ]
G(AirPassengers[-(20:30)], 12) # Annual Growth Rate: Wrong!
#>  [1]         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
#>  [7]         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
#> [13]  2.6785714  6.7796610  6.8181818  4.6511628  3.3057851 10.3703704
#> [19] 14.8648649 34.4594595 46.3235294 54.6218487 55.7692308 23.7288136
#> [25] 44.3478261 35.7142857 27.6595745 42.9629630 44.8000000 22.8187919
#> [31] 28.2352941 15.5778894 21.6080402 13.5869565 17.9012346 17.8082192
#> [37] 16.8674699 14.6198830  8.8888889 22.2797927 29.8342541 25.1366120
#> [43] 11.4678899 14.7826087 12.3966942 13.3971292 10.4712042  4.6511628
#> [49]  3.6082474  4.0816327 -4.0816327 -0.4237288 -3.4042553  2.1834061
#> [55]  8.6419753 14.3939394  7.7205882  9.2827004  8.5308057 12.7777778
#> [61] 13.9303483 18.6274510 23.9361702 13.6170213 18.5022026 15.3846154
#> [67] 19.3181818 20.5298013 18.4300341 20.4633205
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 63 entries ]
# Now indexing AirPassengers (identity() is a trick so that the index is named time(AirPassengers))
iAP <- reindex(AirPassengers, identity(time(AirPassengers)))
iAP
#>      Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
#> 1949 112 118 132 129 121 135 148 148 136 119 104 118
#> 1950 115 126 141 135 125 149 170 170 158 133 114 140
#> 1951 145 150 178 163 172 178 199 199 184 162 146 166
#> 1952 171 180 193 181 183 218 230 242 209 191 172 194
#> 1953 196 196 236 235 229 243 264 272 237 211 180 201
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 7 rows ]
#> 
#> Indexed by:  time(AirPassengers) [144] 
findex(iAP)    # See the index
#>   time(AirPassengers)
#> 1                1949
#> 2         1949.083333
#> 3         1949.166666
#> 4         1949.249999
#> 5         1949.333332
#> ---               
#> 140 1960.583287
#> 141  1960.66662
#> 142 1960.749953
#> 143 1960.833286
#> 144 1960.916619
#> 
#> time(AirPassengers) [144]
iAP[-(20:30)]  # Subsetting
#>  [1] 112 118 132 129 121 135 148 148 136 119 104 118 115 126 141 135 125 149 170
#> [20] 199 199 184 162 146 166 171 180 193 181 183 218 230 242 209 191 172 194 196
#> [39] 196 236 235 229 243 264 272 237 211 180 201 204 188 235 227 234 264 302 293
#> [58] 259 229 203 229 242 233 267 269 270 315 364 347 312
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 63 entries ]
#> 
#> Indexed by:  time(AirPassengers) [133 (144)] 
G(iAP[-(20:30)], 12)                # Annual Growth Rate: Correct!
#>  [1]         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
#>  [7]         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
#> [13]  2.6785714  6.7796610  6.8181818  4.6511628  3.3057851 10.3703704
#> [19] 14.8648649 17.0588235         NA         NA         NA         NA
#> [25]         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
#> [31]         NA 15.5778894 21.6080402 13.5869565 17.9012346 17.8082192
#> [37] 16.8674699 14.6198830  8.8888889 22.2797927 29.8342541 25.1366120
#> [43] 11.4678899 14.7826087 12.3966942 13.3971292 10.4712042  4.6511628
#> [49]  3.6082474  4.0816327 -4.0816327 -0.4237288 -3.4042553  2.1834061
#> [55]  8.6419753 14.3939394  7.7205882  9.2827004  8.5308057 12.7777778
#> [61] 13.9303483 18.6274510 23.9361702 13.6170213 18.5022026 15.3846154
#> [67] 19.3181818 20.5298013 18.4300341 20.4633205
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 63 entries ]
#> 
#> Indexed by:  time(AirPassengers) [133 (144)] 
L(G(iAP[-(20:30)], c(0,1,12)), 0:1) # Lagged level, period and annual growth rates...
#>         -- L1.--          G1       L1.G1      L12G1   L1.L12G1
#>   [1,] 112    NA          NA          NA         NA         NA
#>   [2,] 118   112   5.3571429          NA         NA         NA
#>   [3,] 132   118  11.8644068   5.3571429         NA         NA
#>   [4,] 129   132  -2.2727273  11.8644068         NA         NA
#>   [5,] 121   129  -6.2015504  -2.2727273         NA         NA
#>   [6,] 135   121  11.5702479  -6.2015504         NA         NA
#>   [7,] 148   135   9.6296296  11.5702479         NA         NA
#>   [8,] 148   148   0.0000000   9.6296296         NA         NA
#>   [9,] 136   148  -8.1081081   0.0000000         NA         NA
#>  [10,] 119   136 -12.5000000  -8.1081081         NA         NA
#>  [11,] 104   119 -12.6050420 -12.5000000         NA         NA
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 122 rows ]
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "numeric" "matrix" 
#> 
#> Indexed by:  time(AirPassengers) [133 (144)] 
 
## xts
library(xts)
#> Loading required package: zoo
#> 
#> Attaching package: ‘zoo’
#> The following objects are masked from ‘package:data.table’:
#> 
#>     yearmon, yearqtr
#> The following objects are masked from ‘package:base’:
#> 
#>     as.Date, as.Date.numeric
#> 
#> ######################### Warning from 'xts' package ##########################
#> #                                                                             #
#> # The dplyr lag() function breaks how base R's lag() function is supposed to  #
#> # work, which breaks lag(my_xts). Calls to lag(my_xts) that you type or       #
#> # source() into this session won't work correctly.                            #
#> #                                                                             #
#> # Use stats::lag() to make sure you're not using dplyr::lag(), or you can add #
#> # conflictRules('dplyr', exclude = 'lag') to your .Rprofile to stop           #
#> # dplyr from breaking base R's lag() function.                                #
#> #                                                                             #
#> # Code in packages is not affected. It's protected by R's namespace mechanism #
#> # Set `options(xts.warn_dplyr_breaks_lag = FALSE)` to suppress this warning.  #
#> #                                                                             #
#> ###############################################################################
#> 
#> Attaching package: ‘xts’
#> The following objects are masked from ‘package:data.table’:
#> 
#>     first, last
#> The following objects are masked from ‘package:dplyr’:
#> 
#>     first, last
library(zoo) # Needed for as.yearmon() and index() functions
X <- wlddev |> fsubset(iso3c == "DEU", date, PCGDP:POP) %>% {
  xts(num_vars(.), order.by = as.yearmon(.$date))
  } |> ss(-(30:40)) %>% reindex(identity(index(.))) # Introducing a gap
# plot(G(unindex(X)))
diff(unindex(X))    # diff.xts gixes wrong result
#>                PCGDP       LIFEEX GINI ODA      POP
#> Jan 1961          NA           NA   NA  NA       NA
#> Jan 1962          NA  0.197975610   NA  NA   562732
#> Jan 1963          NA  0.183536585   NA  NA   648152
#> Jan 1964          NA  0.168073171   NA  NA   688569
#> Jan 1965          NA  0.154097561   NA  NA   603984
#> Jan 1966          NA  0.138121951   NA  NA   645358
#> Jan 1967          NA  0.119585366   NA  NA   636616
#> Jan 1968          NA  0.102585366   NA  NA   351025
#> Jan 1969          NA  0.091097561   NA  NA   342978
#> Jan 1970          NA  0.085585366   NA  NA   615368
#> Jan 1971          NA  0.089097561   NA  NA   259607
#> Jan 1972   579.34931  0.103097561   NA  NA   143553
#> Jan 1973   770.40722  0.124121951   NA  NA   375610
#> Jan 1974   935.46605  0.149682927   NA  NA   248214
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 36 rows ]
fdiff(X)            # fdiff gives right result
#>                PCGDP       LIFEEX GINI ODA      POP
#> Jan 1961          NA           NA   NA  NA       NA
#> Jan 1962          NA  0.197975610   NA  NA   562732
#> Jan 1963          NA  0.183536585   NA  NA   648152
#> Jan 1964          NA  0.168073171   NA  NA   688569
#> Jan 1965          NA  0.154097561   NA  NA   603984
#> Jan 1966          NA  0.138121951   NA  NA   645358
#> Jan 1967          NA  0.119585366   NA  NA   636616
#> Jan 1968          NA  0.102585366   NA  NA   351025
#> Jan 1969          NA  0.091097561   NA  NA   342978
#> Jan 1970          NA  0.085585366   NA  NA   615368
#> Jan 1971          NA  0.089097561   NA  NA   259607
#> Jan 1972   579.34931  0.103097561   NA  NA   143553
#> Jan 1973   770.40722  0.124121951   NA  NA   375610
#> Jan 1974   935.46605  0.149682927   NA  NA   248214
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 36 rows ]
#> 
#> Indexed by:  index(.) [50 (61)] 

# But xts range-based subsets do not work...
if (FALSE) {
X["1980/"]
}
# Thus a better way is not to index and perform ad-hoc omputations on the xts index
X <- unindex(X)
X["1980/"] %>% fdiff(t = index(.)) # xts index is internally processed by timeid()
#>                PCGDP       LIFEEX GINI ODA      POP
#> Jan 1980          NA           NA   NA  NA       NA
#> Jan 1981   309.62150  0.269365854   NA  NA   162226
#> Jan 1982    98.34802  0.272487805   NA  NA   119331
#> Jan 1983   -78.72879  0.276609756   NA  NA   -74541
#> Jan 1984   481.07564  0.278195122   NA  NA  -205084
#> Jan 1985   846.88924  0.277731707   NA  NA  -269597
#> Jan 1986   702.81344  0.271707317   NA  NA  -173812
#> Jan 1987   631.60512  0.259097561   NA  NA    35563
#> Jan 1988   359.26028  0.245951220   NA  NA   119484
#> Jan 1989   963.80172  0.232804878   NA  NA   304699
#> Jan 2001          NA           NA   NA  NA       NA
#> Jan 2002   573.02200  0.402439024  1.5  NA   138417
#> Jan 2003  -140.79423 -0.100000000 -0.4  NA   138570
#> Jan 2004  -289.69804  0.151219512  0.1  NA    45681
#>  [ reached getOption("max.print") -- omitted 17 rows ]

## Of course you can also index plain vectors / matrices...
options(oldopts)